A jurisdictional gap on U.S. military installations forces commanders to manage complex juvenile cases better suited for state systems. In response to concerns — especially about juvenile sexual assault — the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 prompted the Defense Department to seek concurrent jurisdiction with states. However, legal complexities, practical constraints and a rehabilitation-focused juvenile system continue to hinder justice for military families, as outlined in the 2024 DOD report.